Brainwave Synchronization - Hypnosis - Hypnotherapy

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a study of the changing electrical potential of the brain. The aparatus used to measure this electric potential of the brain is called electroencephalograph, and the tracing or the printout of the measured brainwave forms is electroencephalogram.

Frequency is the number of complete repetitive waves that occur in a given unit of time. Frenquency is easured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second (cps). According to their frequency brainwaves are devided into 4 main groups, also referred to as "brain states"

Some research has been done associated with the activities and benefits of other brainwave frequencies, such as Super Beta, Gamma, etc.

The lower your brainwave cps, the more your awareness is turned toward your subjective experience, toward your inner world and the more effectively are you able to use the power of your mind to create changes in your body. With each lower state you become more fully aligned with the source of power within you, with your unconscious, or if you prefer, with that part of you that is greater than you (your body).

Generally in while in the Beta state, your attention is focused outward. In alpha it begins to turn inward, and in theta and delta it goes further and further inward. The deeper you go, the more effectively are you able to enter your subconscious.

You can imagine that at the borderline between Beta and Alpha States is a doorway to your subconscious mind, and the doorway consists of what hypnosis refers to as your critical faculty.

You can imagine that at the borderline between Alpha and Theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you begin to gain access to your "supernatural abilities", which for most people manifest as bursts of insight. The more time you spend in this state, even if you're not intentionally attempting to create a change, the more these "abilities" begin to become part of you - you may firstly notice that the time-lag between what you think and it's manifestation in your outer world becomes shorter and shorter.

And you can imagine that at the borderline that between Theta and Delta, you're beginning to say "good-bye" to your physical experience of the world, as you're getting altogether into experiencing yourself as a non-physical being. Here your body is only a thought in your mind. If you are able to maintain your consciousness at this level, you can effect instant changes in the outer world. In this state, you can transcend the "laws of the physical world" because you're not bound by them any more.

Whenever you think, you expand energy. In the deep, dreamless Delta state, where your mind is fully resting, your body has the best opportunity to regenerate.

With meditative practice and self hypnosis, you develop the ability to remain conscious while getting progressively into deeper and deepr states. For example, a person without any mind training will tend to fall asleep when getting into the theta state, while a person who has undergone some form of meditative mind-training will be able to be very deeply relaxed, yet conscious.
The more you are able to remain conscious while in deeper states of mind, the less sleep you will require.

Brainwave synchronization techology provides a shortcut to experiencing deeper states of mind giving you an opporunity to access higher states of consciousness and extraordinary abilities in a very short time through brainwave entrainment. This way you can experience almost immediately the effects that took someone years of meditation to achieve.
And the process is effortless. All you need to do is use your headphones.

Here's how the principle of entrainment works. Entrainment is the process of synchronization, where vibrations of one object will cause the vibrations of another object to oscillate at the same rate. External rhythms have a direct effect on the psychology and physiology of the individual.

You can observe these principles anywhere in nature as ultimately everything is made out of energy that resonates at a specific frequency. If you put several pendulum clocks on the wall and set them to swing at different rates, in time they will get synchronized, all of them swinging in unison. It has been noted thad women sleeping in the same dormitory whose menstral cycles would occur at different times of the month, would in time tend to synchronize their internal clocks to the same mensrtal cycle automatically. People who live together for many years, may even tend to look alike, as their energies are becoming synchronized. Another side effect would be increased telepathic ability between them - they'd just find that they would think the same thought at the same time, and perhaps surprise themselves by saying out loud the same word at the same time. In NLP, this entrainment with another person is often intentionally done through matching a breathing pattern.

The application of the principle of brainwave entrainment to alter states of mind is not new. Drumming and chanting have been used in different cultures to create rhythmic patterns which would stimulate altered states of consciousness .

With technology this process has gone digital through the use of binaural beats. This is accomplished by sending two different sounds (tones) to each ear through stereo headphones. The two hemispheres of the brain then work in unison to "hear" the third signal, which is not played, but rather produced as a result of the difference in frequency between the two beats that are heard. Sending specific frequencies to each ear entrains the brain to enter effortlessly into a specific state of mind.

If the left ear is presented with a steady tone of 400Hz and the right ear a steady tone of 407Hz, these two tones combine in the brain. The difference, 7Hz, is perceived by the brain and is a very effective stimulus for brainwave entrainment. This 7Hz is formed entirely by the brain. When using stereo headphones, the left and right sounds do not mix together until in your brain. The frequency difference, when perceived by brain this way, is called a binaural beat.

All Hypnotic Advancements self hypnosis recordings are enhanced with brainwave synchronization to help you enter the appropriate states of mind to further help enable you to create your desired changes effortlessly.

Excerpts from Research on the Influence of Brain Wave Synchronization
On Pain Relief

Originally Published: J Neurol Orthop Med Surg (1996) 17:32-34, The Journal of Neurological and Orthopaedic Medicine and Surgery, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1996
Authors: Richard H. Cox, Ph.D., MD, C. Norman Shealy, MD, Ph.D., Roger K. Cady, MD, Saul Liss, Ph.D.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the Life Science Foundation.

Although it has been known since shortly after the development of the EEG that brain wave activity "follows" repetitive light and sound frequencies', and experiments using brain wave synchronization (BOOS) as a tool to assist in relaxation and induction of the focused state of hypnosis were done as early as 1948, the first brain wave synchronizer (BOOS) was introduced commercially in 1958 by Sidney A. Schneider.

Schneider and coworkers specifically noted that over 90% of approximately 2,500 subjects treated by 1959 had had induced light to deep hypnotic trance with the use of the BOOS. His instrument consisted of a photic stimulator, controlled by the therapist or client, with variable frequencies ranging from low delta (0-1 Hz) to beta frequency (above 13 Hz). Schneider noted that each individual became entrained at a specific frequency which led to a "a rainbow effect, fingers tingling, eyelids heavy, complete relaxation," "a whirlpool effect, anesthesia, or dissociation" - "The point of least resistance" for that individual to enter a trance state, assisted by audiotapes or a live hypnotic induction.

The editor of HYPNOSIS QUARTERLY reported rapid induction of a deep trance in a previously unhypnotizable subject using BOOS, to the depth of cataplexy, analgesia and amnesia3.

The JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION in March, 1959, mentioned the "hypnosis machine" which could be used to speed up hypnotic induction and to "help make labor and delivery a more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for excessive analgesia and anesthesia."4

In June 1966, Bernard S. Margolis, D.D.S.5, reported the BWS was "a valuable tool for allaying fears and apprehensions," and noted that coupled with hypnosis -

1. Patients required less anesthesia.
2. Some patients could have dental procedures without external anesthetics.
3. No physiologic depression occurred.
4. Healing was more rapid.
5. Gagging could be controlled.
6. The frequency could be controlled by the patient.

Dr. William A. Phillips reported "the reduction and control of high blood pressure of inorganic origin," with reduction of 10 to 40 mm. of Mercury, using only BWS without verbal hypnotic suggestion6. And Sadove emphasized the use of BWS to assist relaxation7.

Comparisons were made between cranial electrical stimulation (The Pain SuppressorO), several different models of light frequency BOOS, the brainwave synchronization tapes, and self hypnosis audiotapes.

Patients were asked to grade their depth of relaxation and intensity of pain before and after 30 minutes of synchronization. Blood pressure and pulse measurements were also done before and after BOOS.

More recently we have also measured blood neurochemicals (NE, MEL, BE, ST, and CHE) before and after brain Shealy RelaxMate indicate: wave synchronization coupled with the self hypnosis audiotape in eight individuals.

With brainwave synchronization tapes alone or self hypnotic tapes alone, depths of relaxation were similar. Relaxation music and cranial electrical stimulation were slightly less effective than BWS (50% to 60% relaxation usually).

When brainwave stimulation was combined with self hypnosis tapes, consistent relaxation depths of 70% to 100% were reported.

In 72 patients in whom blood pressure, pulse, and pain intensity were measured, blood pressure and pulse were reduced 4% to 10% in 58 patients, and pain was decreased 30% to 100% in 60 patients (average over 50%). Almost invariably the combination of brainwave synchronization plus self-hypnosis was more effective than either alone. The blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the relaxation response. The degree of pain relief, however, is greater than that reported with the relaxation response alone.

In eight individuals, blood neurochemicals have been measured before and after 30 minutes of alpha rhythm (10 Hz) BOOS. Melatonin has been reduced 5% to 20% (average 6% decrease) and beta endorphin has been increased 10% to 50% (average 14% increase). Interestingly, these same individuals have an average increase in serotonin of 23% and an increase of norepinephrine by 18%.

Our experience with BWS coupled with guided mental relaxation exercises (BWS/SH) confirm Schneider's reports that at least 90% of individuals achieve deepened levels of focused relaxation with those techniques. Our results are also compatible with those of Benson and others who indicated that the relaxation response is a major stress reducer and assists the process of homeostasis'°.

The increase in beta endorphins after BWS/SH is associated with a sense of well-being and decreased pain. Even though blood pressure and pulse usually decrease with BWS/SH, the increases in norepinephrine and serotonin and the decrease in melatonin suggest an increased level of alertness. This may well be consistent with Schultz's description of poised alertness reported with autogenic training". Decreases in melatonin, as found, are to be expected with exposure to light and suggest that BSW may be useful for seasonal affective disorders.

It is interesting to speculate that various BWS rates might affect neurochemicals differently. Since most individuals choose the lowest theta rates, those rates might increase beta endorphins more without the increases in norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Further study needs to be done to elucidate potential differences. It has been noted that BWS for greater than 40 minutes often leaves individuals feeling groggy instead of alert immediately after a session. Thus, we recommend 15 minute sessions most of the time. Benson reported that two daily 20 minute deep relaxation sessions led to decreased insulin requirements and catecholamine production for up to 24 hours.

Finally, we have noted that BWS even without self hypnosis leads to enhanced sleep induction, especially at the selfselected low theta rate. And return to sleep is more rapid with BWS if one awakens during the night and uses BWS to return to sleep.

Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. They result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 Hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 Hz (Oster, 1973). For example, if a pure tone of 400 Hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 Hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 Hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. This binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word (the human range of hearing is from 20-20,000 Hz). It is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through
the frequency-following response (FFR)--the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. Thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural-beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm.

Uses of audio with embedded binaural beats that are mixed with music or various pink or background sound are diverse. They range from relaxation, meditation, stress reduction, pain management, improved sleep quality, decrease in sleep requirements, super learning, enhanced creativity and intuition, remote viewing, telepathy, and out-of-body experience and lucid dreaming. Audio embedded with binaural beats is often combined with various meditation techniques, as well as positive affirmations and visualization.

When signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each ear, the brain detects phase differences between these signals. "Under natural circumstances a detected phase difference would provide directional information. The brain processes this anomalous information differently when these phase differences are heard with stereo headphones or speakers. A perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third "beat" frequency. The difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and out of phase. As a result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, an amplitude-modulated standing wave -the binaural beat- is heard. The binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the frequency of the difference between the two auditory inputs. Evidence suggests that the binaural beats are generated in the brainstem’s superior olivary nucleus, the first site of contralateral integration in the auditory system (Oster, 1973). Studies also suggest that the frequency-following response originates from the inferior colliculus (Smith, Marsh, & Brown, 1975)" (Owens & Atwater, 1995). This activity is conducted to the cortex where it can be recorded by scalp electrodes.

Binaural beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies (< 30 Hz) that are characteristic of the EEG spectrum (Oster, 1973). This perceptual phenomenon
of binaural beating and the objective measurement of the frequency-following
response (Hink, Kodera, Yamada, Kaga, & Suzuki, 1980) suggest conditions
which facilitate entrainment of brain waves and altered states of consciousness.

There have been numerous anecdotal reports and a growing number of research efforts reporting changes in consciousness associated with binaural-beats. "The subjective effect of listening to binaural beats may be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the frequency of the binaural-beat stimulation" (Owens & Atwater, 1995).

Binaural beats in the delta (1 to 4 Hz) and theta (4 to 8 Hz) ranges have been
associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states (Hiew, 1995),
and used as an aid to falling asleep. Binaural beats in the alpha frequencies (8 to 12 Hz) have increased alpha brain waves (Foster, 1990) and binaural beats in the beta frequencies (typically 16 to 24 Hz) have been associated with reports of increased concentration or alertness (Monroe, 1985) and improved memory (Kennerly, 1994).

Passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into
an altered state of consciousness. One’s subjective experience in response to
binaural-beat stimulation may also be influenced by a number of mediating factors. For example, the willingness and ability of the listener to relax and focus attention may contribute to binaural-beat effectiveness in inducing state changes. "Ultradian rhythms in the nervous system are characterized by periodic changes in arousal and states of consciousness (Rossi, 1986; Shannahoff-Khalsa, 1991; Webb & Dube, 1981). These naturally occurring shifts may underlie the anecdotal reports of fluctuations in the effectiveness of binaural beats. External factors are also thought to play roles in mediating the effects of binaural beats" (Owens & Atwater, 1995). The perception of a binaural beat is, for example, said to be heightened by the addition of white noise to the carrier signal (Oster, 1973), so white noise is often used as background. "Music, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and verbal suggestion have all been used to enhance the state-changing effects of the binaural beat" (Owens & Atwater, 1995). Other practices such as humming, toning, breathing exercises, autogenic training, and/or biofeedback can also be used to interrupt the homeostasis of resistant subjects (Tart, 1975).

Controversies concerning the brain, mind, and consciousness have existed
since the early Greek philosophers argued about the nature of the mind-body relationship, and none of these disputes has been resolved.

Modern neurologists have located the mind in the brain and have said that consciousness is the result of electrochemical neurological activity.
There are, however, growing observations to the contrary. There is no
neurophysiological research which conclusively shows that the higher
levels of mind (intuition, insight, creativity, imagination, understanding,
thought, reasoning, intent, decision, knowing, will, spirit, or soul) are
located in brain tissue (Hunt, 1995).

A resolution to the controversies surrounding the higher mind and consciousness and the mind-body problem in general may need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra-rational ways of knowing (de Quincey, 1994) and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. We are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study of consciousness (Owens, 1995). Penfield, an eminent contemporary neurophysiologist, found that the human mind continued to work in spite of the brain’s reduced activity
under anesthesia. Brain waves were nearly absent while the mind was
just as active as in the waking state. The only difference was in the content of the conscious experience. Following Penfield’s work, other researchers have reported awareness in comatose patients (Hunt, 1995) and there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that reduced cortical arousal while maintaining conscious awareness is possible (Fischer, 1971;West 1980; Delmonte, 1984; Goleman 1988; Jevning, Wallace, & Beidenbach, 1992; Wallace, 1986; Mavromatis, 1991). These states are variously referred to as meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilight-learning states (Budzynski, 1986). Broadly defined, the various forms of altered states rest on the maintenance of conscious awareness in a physiologically reduced
state of arousal marked by parasympathetic dominance (Mavromatis, 1991).
Recent physiological studies of highly hypnotizable subjects and adept
meditators indicate that maintaining awareness with reduced cortical
arousal is indeed possible in selected individuals as a natural ability
or as an acquired skill (Sabourin, Cutcomb, Crawford, & Pribram, 1993).
More and more scientists are expressing doubts about the neurologists’
brain-mind model because it fails to answer so many questions about
our ordinary experiences, as well as evading our mystical and spiritual ones.
The scientific evidence supporting the phenomenon of remote viewing
alone is sufficient to show that mind-consciousness is not a local
phenomenon (McMoneagle, 1993).

If mind-consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate
states of consciousness and mental functioning to brain-wave frequencies?
And how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats alters brain waves?
The first question can be answered in terms of instrumentation. There is
no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument.
Mind-consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces
with the body and the neurological structures of the brain (Hunt, 1995).
One cannot measure this field directly with current instrumentation. On the
other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured
and easily quantified. Contemporary science likes things that can be
measured and quantified. The problem here lies in oversimplification of the
observations. EEG patterns measured on the cortex are the result of
electroneurological activity of the brain. But the brain’s electroneurological
activity is not mind-consciousness. EEG measurements then are only an
indirect means of assessing the mind-consciousness interface with the
neurological structures of the brain. As crude as this may seem, the EEG
has been a reliable way for researchers to estimate states of consciousness
based on the relative proportions of EEG frequencies. Stated another way,
certain EEG patterns have been historically associated with specific
states of consciousness. It is reasonable to assume, given the current
EEG literature, that if a specific EEG pattern emerges it is probably
accompanied by a particular state of consciousness.

As to the second question raised in the above paragraph, audio with
embedded binaural beats alters the electrochemical environment of
the brain. This allows mind-consciousness to have different experiences.
When the brain is entrained to lower frequencies and awareness is
maintained, a unique state of consciousness emerges. This state is often
referred to as hypnogogia "mind awake/body asleep." Slightly higher-frequency entrainment can lead to hyper suggestive states of consciousness.
Still higher-frequency EEG states are associated with alert and
focused mental activity needed for the optimal performance of
many tasks. Perceived reality changes depending on the state of
consciousness of the perceiver (Tart, 1975). Some states of consciousness
provide limited views of reality, while others provide an expanded
awareness of reality. For the most part, states of consciousness
change in response to the ever-changing internal environment and
surrounding stimulation. For example, states of consciousness are
subject to influences like drugs and circadian and ultradian rhythms
(Rossi, 1986; Shannahoff-Khalsa, 1991; Webb & Dube, 1981).
Specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive
behaviors to demanding circumstances (Green and Green, 1986).ch

Synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative
and hypnogogic states, and audio with embedded binaural beats has
the ability to induce and improve such states of consciousness. The
reason for this is physiological. Each ear is "hardwired" (so to speak)
to both hemispheres of the brain (Rosenzweig, 1961). Each hemisphere
has its own olivary nucleus (sound-processing center) which receives
signals from each ear. In keeping with this physiological structure, when
a binaural beat is perceived there are actually two standing waves of
equal amplitude and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. So,
there are two separate standing waves entraining portions of each
hemisphere to the same frequency. The binaural beats appear to
contribute to the hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative
and hypnogogic states of consciousness. Brain function is also
enhanced through the increase of cross-collosal communication
between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Studies have shown that vibrations from rhythmic sounds have a
profound effect on brain activity. In shamanic traditions, drums were
used in periodic rhythm to transport the shaman into other realms of reality.
The vibrations from this constant rhythm affected the brain in a very specific
manner, allowing the shaman to achieve an altered state of mind and
journey out of his or her body .

Brain pattern studies conducted by researcher Melinda Maxfield into the
(SSC) Shamanic State of Consciousness found that the steady rhythmic
beat of the drum struck four and one half times per second was the key
to transporting a shaman into the deepest part of his shamanic state of
consciousness. It is no coincidence that 4.5 beats, or cycles per second
corresponds to the trance like state of theta brain wave activity. In direct
correlation, we see similar effects brought on by the constant and rhythmic
drone of Tibetan Buddhist chants, which transport the monks and even other
listeners into realms of blissful meditation.

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